I recently picked up Node.js/CoffeeScript; I figured that since JavaScript can run on about every modern computing device, it’s about time that I accept JavaScript instead of side-stepping it by using dying technologies such as GWT and Silverlight.
I’ve always felt that the best way to learn a new language/platform is to start by writing a simple program that solves a simple problem.
My problem involved traversing the filesystem and performing some tasks. For the sake of this blog post and for the sake of your attention span, the problem can be reduced to a simple algorithm that computes the total space that a directory and its contents use.
Let’s start by creating a simple synchronous version:
fs = require('fs')
path = require('path')
du = (dir) ->
total = 0
try
stat = fs.lstatSync(dir)
if stat.isFile()
total += stat.size
else if stat.isDirectory()
files = fs.readdirSync(dir)
for file in files
total += du(path.join(dir, file))
catch e
total
DIR = '/'
total_bytes = du(DIR)
total_kb = total_bytes / 1024.0
total_mb = total_kb / 1024.0
console.log("#{DIR}: #{total_mb.toFixed(3)} MB")
This code works fine and as expected. It displays the total size of your entire directory in MiB. Ya, I know, I wrote “MB”.
But… we are using Node.js here. The asynchronous nature should be embraced. Let’s rewrite this algorithm in an asynchronous form.
fs = require('fs')
path = require('path')
duAsync = (dir, cb) ->
total = 0
fs.lstat dir, (err, stat) ->
if err then return
if stat.isFile()
total += stat.size
else if stat.isDirectory()
fs.readdir dir, (err, files) ->
if err then return
for file in files
duAsync path.join(dir,file), cb
cb(null,total)
DIR = '/'
duAsync DIR, (err, total_bytes) ->
total_kb = total_bytes / 1000.0
total_mb = total_kb / 1000.0
console.log("#{DIR}: #{total_mb.toFixed(3)} MB")
Hmm, this doesn’t output the correct values. I’m not passing the totals up the callback chain.
Also, from here on out, I’m only going to show the algorithm.
Let’s take advantage of closures and modify this a bit. If we could remove the recursion, that may simplify things a bit.
duAsync2 = (dir,cb) ->
total = 0
files = []
all_files.push(dir)
while all_files.length > 0
current_dir = files.pop
fs.lstat current_dir, (err,stat) ->
if err then return
if stat.isFile()
total += stat.size
else if stat.isDirectory()
fs.readdir current_dir, (err,files) ->
if err then return
for file in files
all_files.push(path.join(current_dir, file))
cb(null,total)
On the surface, this looks fairly simple. We have removed the recursive aspect to simplify it a bit. The code in the while block will always see ‘total’ so we don’t run into the same problem as the last implementation.
One major problem though, this doesn’t work. This exits almost right away. Ah yes… we are doing an asynchronous implementation. The all_files array is empty by the time the while loop goes to the second iteration.
Maybe recursion is unavoidable? Let’s still leverage closures though.
This version is very similar to the last, I’ve just managed to use recursion within a function. The ‘again’ function is called recursively.
duAsync3 = (dir,cb) ->
total = 0
again = (current_dir) ->
fs.lstat current_dir, (err, stat) ->
if err then return
if stat.isFile()
total += stat.size
else if stat.isDirectory()
fs.readdir current_dir, (err,files) ->
if err then return
for file in files
again(path.join(current_dir, file))
cb(null, total)
again(dir)
It works! Consider this: what if you only want the results at the very end? That is, you only want the callback to occur once, and at the end… then what do you do?
This was a dilemma that I faced for a bit. For this particular problem, it might not really matter much. Especially considering that this is a console utility. However, I considered figuring this out, a right of passage as a Node.js/JavaScript noob. So I didn’t want to use any utilities such as Async.js, Seq, etc.
I started doing research, fortunately I stumbled upon two great articles:
- “Asynchronous JavaScript: The Tale of Harry”
- Currying the Callback the Essence of Futures
The first article seemed to have almost an identical problem. Except, that the author didn’t impose the additional constraint of only executing the callback upon the finished. The solution in that article works as expected, but seems a bit more complex than necessary.
I kept researching. Found an article Deriving the Y-Combinator in 7 Easy Steps (JavaScript). My mind was exploding learning some of these functional programming concepts!
But, I still wasn’t closer to a solution. I finally made my way into #node.js on freenode (IRC). Fortunately, AvianFlu was able to lend me a tip. He suggested the following:
- Create three variables: started, finished, running
- At the beginning of the callback, increment started and running.
- At the end, decrement running and increment finished.
- When (started === finished) && (running === 0) You should be done.
I experimented with this for awhile. Sometimes, it felt that I was close. But it never quite worked. Then I thought about it a bit more and kept the concept of a ‘running’ variable and added a variable to denote the number of files left to process.
duAsync4 = (dir,cb) ->
total = 0
file_counter = 1 #starts at one because of the initial directory
async_running = 0
again = (current_dir) ->
fs.lstat current_dir, (err, stat) ->
if err then file_counter--; return
if stat.isFile()
file_counter--
total += stat.size
else if stat.isDirectory()
file_counter--
async_running++
fs.readdir current_dir, (err,files) ->
async_running--
if err then return #console.log err.message
file_counter += files.length
for file in files
again path.join(current_dir, file)
else
file_counter--
if file_counter is 0 and async_running is 0
cb(null, total)
again dir
This works. What’s important to note is that there are many ways to solve problems using Node.js. On my Quad-Core MBP 8 GB Ram, this is almost twice as fast as the synchronous version!
Try it out and let me know your results. Also, can you think of any other ways to solve this problem?
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-JP Richardson
